* indicates student or post-doc authors
*Chan, E.S.M., *Gaye, F., *Cole, A.M., Singh, L.J., & Kofler, M.J. (in press). Central executive training for ADHD: Impact on organizational skills at home and school. A randomized controlled trial. Neuropsychology. PDF
*Irwin, L.N., *Groves, N.B., *Marsh, C.L., *Cole, A.M., & Kofler, M.J. (in press). Does training working memory or inhibitory control produce far-transfer improvements in set shifting for children with ADHD? A randomized controlled trial. Child Neuropsychology. PDF
*Chan, E.S.M., *Shero, J.A., *Hand, E.D., *Cole, A.M., *Gaye, F., Spiegel, J.A., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Are reading interventions effective for children with ADHD? A meta-analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 27, 182-200. PDF
Groves, N.B., *Chan, E.S.M., *Marsh, C.L., *Gaye, F., *Jaisle, E.M., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Does central executive training (CET) and/or inhibitory control training (ICT) improve emotion regulation for children with ADHD? A randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 1034722. PDF
Singh, L.J., *Gaye, F., *Cole, A.M., *Chan, E.S.M., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Central executive training for ADHD: Effects on academic achievement, productivity, and success in the classroom. Neuropsychology, 36, 330-345. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Wells, E.L., *Singh, L.J., *Soto, E.F., *Irwin, L.N., *Groves, N.B., *Chan, E.S.M., *Miller, C.E., *Richmond, K.P., Schatschneider, C., & Lonigan, C.J. (2020). A randomized controlled trial of central executive training (CET) versus inhibitory control training (ICT) for ADHD. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 88, 738-756. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., *Austin, K.E., *Schaefer, H., *Holland, E., *Aduen, P.A., *Wells, E.L., *Soto, E.F., *Irwin, L.N., Schatschneider, C., & Lonigan, C.J. (2018). Can working memory training work for ADHD? Development of central executive training and comparison with behavioral parent training. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86, 964-979. PDF
Evans, S.W., Beauchaine, T.P., Chronis-Tuscano, A., Becker, S.P., Chacko, A., Gallagher, R., Hartung, C.M., Kofler, M.J., Schultz, B., Tamm, L., & Youngstrom, E.A. (2021). The efficacy of cognitive videogame training for ADHD and what FDA clearance means for clinicians. Evidence-Based Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 6, 1, 116-130. PDF
Chacko, A., Kofler, M.J., & Jarrett, M. (2014). Neurocognitive training to improve outcomes for youth with ADHD: A conceptual framework for combined neurocognitive and skill-based treatment approaches. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 17, 368-384. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Orban, S.A., Kofler, M.J., & Friedman, L.M. (2013). Do programs designed to train working memory, other executive functions, and attention benefit children with ADHD? A meta-analytic review of cognitive, academic, and behavioral outcomes. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 1237-1252. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Bolden, J., & Sarver, D.E. (2008). Treatment Research. In M. Hersen & A. Gross (Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Psychology, Volume II: Children and Adolescents (pp. 386-425). NJ: Wiley & Sons. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Coiro, M.M., Raiker, J., Sarver, D.E., & Alderson, R.M. (2008). Unexpected effects of methylphenidate in ADHD reflect decreases in core/secondary symptoms and physical complaints common to all children. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, 18, 237-247. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Groves, N.B., *Singh, L.J., *Soto, E.F., *Chan, E.S.M., *Irwin, L.N., & *Miller, C.E. (2020). Rethinking hyperactivity in pediatric ADHD: Preliminary evidence for a re-conceptualization of hyperactivity/impulsivity from the perspective of informant perceptual processes. Psychological Assessment, 32, 752-767. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Sarver, D.E., & *Wells, E.L. (2020). Working memory and increased activity level (hyperactivity) in ADHD: Experimental evidence for a functional relation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24, 1330-1344. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Raiker, J.S., Sarver, D.E., *Wells, E.L., & *Soto, E.F. (2016). Is hyperactivity ubiquitous in ADHD or dependent on environmental demands? Evidence from meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 46, 12-24. PDF
*Sarver, D.E., Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Raiker, J.S., & Friedman, L.M. (2015). Hyperactivity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Impairing deficit or compensatory behavior? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 1219-1232. PDF
Alderson, R.M., Rapport, M.D., Kasper, L.J., Sarver, D.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2012). Hyperactivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The association between deficient behavioral inhibition, attentional processes, and objectively measured activity. Child Neuropsychology, 18, 487-505. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Bolden, J., Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., Raiker, J.S., & Alderson, R.M. (2009). Hyperactivity in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A ubiquitous core symptom or manifestation of working memory deficits? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 37, 521-534. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., & Himmerich, C. (2006). Assessing activity level in children. In M. Hersen (Ed.), Clinician's Handbook of Child Behavioral Assessment (pp. 125-157). Elsevier Inc., San Diego, CA. PDF
*Gaye, F., *Groves, N.B., *Chan, E.S.M., *Cole, A.M., *Jaisle, E.M., *Soto, E.F., & Kofler, M.J. (in press). Working memory and math skills in children with and without ADHD. Neuropsychology. PDF
*Tamm, L., Epstein, J.N., Orban, S.A., Kofler, M.J., & Becker, S.P. (in press). Neurocognition in Children with Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome: Accurate but Slow. Child Neuropsychology.
*Cole, A.M., *Chan, E.S.M., *Gaye, F., Spiegel, J.A., Soto, E.F., & Kofler, M.J. (2023). Evaluating the simple view of reading for children with ADHD. Journal of Educational Psychology, 115, 700-714. PDF
*Marsh, C.L., *Groves, N.B., *Mehra, L.M., *Black, K.E., *Irwin Harper, L.N., Meyer, A., & Kofler, M.J. (2023). The relation between executive functions, error-related brain activity, and ADHD symptoms in clinically evaluated school-aged children. Child Neuropsychology. PDF
*Groves, N.B., Wells, E.L., *Soto, E.F., *Marsh, C.L., *Jaisle, E.M., *Harvey, T.K., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Executive functioning and emotion regulation in children with and without ADHD. Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology. , 50, 721-735. PDF
*Carames, C.N., *Irwin, L.N., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Is there a relation between visual motor integration and academic achievement in school-aged children with and without ADHD? Child Neuropsychology. PDF
*Soto, E.F., *Irwin, L.N., *Chan, E.S.M., *Spiegel, J.A., & Kofler, M.J. (2021). Executive functions and writing skills in children with and without ADHD. Neuropsychology, 35, 792-808. PDF
*Irwin, L.N., *Soto, E.F., *Chan, E.S.M., *Miller, C.E., *Carrington-Forde, S., *Groves, N.B., & Kofler, M.J. (2021). Activities of daily living and working memory in pediatric attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Child Neuropsychology, 27, 468-490. PDF
*Soto, E.F., Kofler, M.J., Singh, L.J., *Wells, E.L., *Irwin, L.N., *Groves, N.B., & *Miller, C.E. (2020). Executive functioning rating scales: Ecologically valid or construct invalid? Neuropsychology, 34, 605-619. PDF
*Harmon, S.L., Kistner, J.A., & Kofler, M.J. (2020). Neurocognitive correlates of rumination risk in children: Comparing competing model predictions. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 1197-1210. PDF
*Irwin, L.N., *Groves, N.B., *Soto, E.F., & Kofler, M.J. (2020). Is there a functional relation between set shifting and hyperactivity in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 26, 1019-1027.. PDF
*Groves, N.B., Kofler, M.J., *Wells, E.L., *Day, T.N., & *Chan, E.S.M. (2020). An examination of relations among working memory, ADHD symptoms, and emotion regulation. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 525-537. PDF
Fosco, W.D., Kofler, M.J., *Groves, N.B., *Chan, E.S.B., & Raiker, J.S. (2020). Which 'working' components of working memory aren't working in youth with ADHD? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 48, 647-660. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Singh, L.J., *Soto, E.F., *Chan, E.S.M., *Miller, C.E., *Harmon, S.L., & *Spiegel, J.A. (2020). Working memory and short-term memory deficits in ADHD: A bifactor modeling approach. Neuropsychology, 34, 686-698. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Soto, E.F., Fosco, W.D., *Irwin, L.N., *Wells, E.L., & Sarver, D.E. (2020). Working memory and information processing in ADHD: Evidence for directionality of effects. Neuropsychology, 34, 127-143. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Irwin, L.N., Sarver, D.E., Fosco, W.D., *Miller, C.E., *Spiegel, J.A., & Becker, S.P. (2019). What cognitive processes are ‘sluggish’ in sluggish cognitive tempo?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 87, 1030-1042. PDF
*Irwin, L.N., Kofler, M.J., *Soto, E.F., & *Groves, N.B. (2019). Do children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have set shifting deficits? Neuropsychology, 33, 470-481. PDF
Fosco, W.D., Kofler, M.J., Alderson, R.M., Tarle, S.J., Raiker, J.S., & Sarver, D.E. (2019). Inhibitory control and information processing in ADHD: Comparing the dual task and performance adjustment hypotheses. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 961-974. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Irwin, L.N., *Soto, E.F., *Groves, N.B., *Harmon, S.L., & Sarver, D.E. (2019). Executive functioning heterogeneity in pediatric ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 273-286. PDF
Raiker, J.S., Freidman, L.M., Orban, S.A., Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., & Rapport, M.D. (2019). Phonological working memory deficits in ADHD revisited: The role of lower-level information processing deficits in impaired working memory performance. Journal of Attention Disorders, 23, 570-583. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Spiegel, J.A., *Soto, E.F., *Irwin, L.N., *Wells, E.L., & *Austin, K.E. (2018). Do working memory deficits underlie reading problems in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 433-446. PDF
*Wells, E.L., Kofler, M.J., *Soto, E.F., *Schaefer, H., & Sarver, D.E. (2018). Assessing working memory in children with ADHD: Minor administration and scoring changes may improve digit span backward’s construct validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 72, 166-178. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Spiegel, J.A., *Austin, K., *Irwin, L., *Soto, E.F., & Sarver, D.E. (2018). Are episodic buffer processes intact in ADHD? Experimental evidence and linkage with hyperactive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 1171-1185. PDF
Kofler, M.J., *Harmon, S.L., *Aduen, P.A., *Day, T.N., *Austin, K., *Spiegel, J.A., *Irwin, L., & Sarver, D.E. (2018). Neurocognitive and behavioral predictors of social problems in ADHD: A bayesian framework. Neuropsychology, 32, 344-355. PDF
Orban, S.A., Rapport, M.D., Friedman, L.M., Eckrich, S.J., & Kofler, M.J. (2017). Inattentive behavior in boys with ADHD during classroom instruction: The mediating role of working memory processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46, 713-727. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., *Harmon, S.L., *Moltisanti, A., *Aduen, P.A., *Soto, E.F., & *Ferretti, N. (2017). Working memory and organizational skills problems in ADHD. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59, 57-67. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., *Spiegel, J.A., *Day, T.N., *Harmon, S.L., & *Wells, E.L. (2017). Heterogeneity in ADHD: Neurocognitive predictors of peer, family, and academic functioning. Child Neuropsychology, 23, 733-759. PDF
Kofler, M. J., Alderson, R. M., Raiker, J. S., Bolden, J., *Sarver, D. E., & Rapport, M. D. (2014). Working Memory and Intraindividual Variability as Neurocognitive Indicators in ADHD: Examining Competing Model Predictions. Neuropsychology, 28, 459-471. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Rapport, M.D., *Sarver, D.E., Raiker, J.S., Orban, S.A., Friedman, L.M. & Kolomeyer, E.G. (2013). Reaction time variability in ADHD: A meta-analytic review of 319 studies. Clinical Psychology Review, 33, 795-811. PDF
Bolden, J., Rapport, M.D., Raiker, J.S., *Sarver, D.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2012). Understanding phonological memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Dissociation of short-term storage and articulatory rehearsal processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 999-1011. PDF
Raiker, J.S., Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., & *Sarver, D.E. (2012). Objectively-measured impulsivity and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Testing competing predictions from the working memory and behavioral inhibition models of ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40, 699-713. PDF
Sarver, D.E., Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Scanlan, S.W., Raiker, J.S., Altro, T.A., & Bolden, J. (2012). Attention problems, phonological short-term memory, and visuospatial short-term memory: Differential effects on near- and long-term scholastic achievement. Learning and Individual Differences, 22, 8-19. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Rapport, M.D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D.E., Raiker, J.S., & Alderson, R.M. (2011). Working memory deficits and social problems in children with ADHD. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39, 805-817. PDF
Alderson, R.M., Rapport, M.D., Hudec, K., Sarver, D.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2010). Competing core processes in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): Do working memory deficiencies underlie behavioral inhibition deficits? Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 497-507. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Rapport, M.D., Bolden, J., Sarver, D.E., & Raiker, J.S. (2010). ADHD and working memory: The impact of central executive deficits and exceeding storage/ rehearsal capacity on observed inattentive behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38, 149–161. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Alderson, R.M., Timko Jr., T., & DuPaul, G.J. (2009). Variability of attention processes in ADHD: Observations from the classroom. Journal of Attention Disorders, 12, 563-573. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Rapport, M.D., Bolden, J., & Altro, T.A. (2008). Working memory as a core deficit in ADHD: Preliminary findings and implications. The ADHD Report, 16, 8-14. PDF
Alderson, R.M., Rapport, M.D., Sarver, D.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2008). ADHD and Behavioral Inhibition: A Re-examination of the Stop-signal Task. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 989-998. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Alderson, R.M., Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., Bolden, J., & Sims, V. (2008). Working memory deficits in boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The contribution of central executive and subsystem processes. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 36, 825-837. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Rapport, M.D., & Alderson, R.M. (2008). Quantifying ADHD classroom inattentiveness, its moderators, and variability: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 59-69. PDF
Alderson, R. M., Rapport, M. D., & Kofler, M. J. (2007). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and behavioral inhibition: A meta-analytic review of the stop-signal paradigm. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 745-758. PDF
*Chan, E.S.M., Barroso, C., *Groves, N.B., *Marsh, C.L., *Black, K., *Jaisle, E. & Kofler, M.J. (in press). A preliminary ‘shortlist’ of individual, family, and social-community assets to promote resilience in pediatric ADHD. Research in Developmental Disabilities. PDF
*Jaisle, E.M., *Groves, N.B., *Black, K.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2023). Linking ADHD and ASD symptomatology with social impairment: The role of emotion dysregulation. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51, 3-16. PDF
*Chan, E.S.M., *Groves, N.B., *Marsh, C.L., *Miller, C.E., *Richmond, K.P., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Are there resilient children with ADHD? Journal of Attention Disorders, 26, 643-655. PDF
*Wells, E.L., *Groves, N.B., *Day, T.N., *Harmon, S.L., *Soto, E.F., *Miller, C.E., & Kofler, M.J. (2021). Evidence against emotion inference deficits in pediatric ADHD. Emotion, 21, 665-677. PDF
*Chan, E.S.M., *Macias, M., & Kofler, M.J. (in press). Does child anxiety exacerbate or protect against parent-child relationship difficulties in children with elevated ADHD symptoms? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. PDF
Fredrick, J.W., Becker, S.P., Kofler, M.J., Jarrett, M.A., Burns, G.L., & Luebbe, A.M. (2020). Disentangling the effects of attentional difficulties on fears of social evaluation and social anxiety symptoms: Unique interactions with sluggish cognitive tempo. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 131, 39-46.
Fredrick, J.W., Kofler, M.J., Jarrett, M.A., Burns, G.L., Luebbe, A.M., Garner, A.A., *Harmon, S.L., & Becker, S.P. (2020). Sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD symptoms in relation to task-unrelated thought: Examining unique links with mind-wandering and rumination. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 123, 95-101.
Swope, A.K., Fredrick, J.W., Becker, S.P., Burns, G.L., Garner, A.A., Jarrett M.A., Kofler, M.J., & Luebbe, A.M. (in press). Sluggish cognitive tempo and positive valence systems: Unique relations with greater reward valuation but less willingness to work. Journal of Affective Disorders.
Dvorsky, M.R., Kofler, M.J., Burns, G.L., Luebbe, A.M., Garner, A.A., Jarrett, M.A., *Soto, E.F., & Becker, S.P. (2019). Factor structure and criterion validity of the Five Cs model of positive youth development in a multi-university sample of college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 48, 537-553. PDF
*Wells, E.L., *Day, T.N., *Harmon, S.L., *Groves, N.B., & Kofler, M.J. (2019). Are emotion recognition abilities intact in pediatric ADHD? Emotion, 19, 1192-1205. PDF
*Aduen, P.A., *Day, T.N., Kofler, M.J., *Harmon, S.L., *Wells, E.L., & *Sarver, D.E. (2018). Social problems in ADHD: Is it a skills acquisition or performance problem? Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 40, 440-451. PDF
Kofler, M.J., Larsen, R., Tolan, P.H., & *Sarver, D.E. (2015). Developmental trajectories of aggression, prosocial behavior, and social-cognitive problem solving in emerging adolescents with clinically elevated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 124, 1027-1042. PDF
Rapport, M.D., Kofler, M.J., Alderson, R.M., & Raiker, J. (2008). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. In M. Hersen & D. Reitman (Eds.), Handbook of Psychological Assessment, Case Conceptualization and Treatment, Volume 2: Children and Adolescents (pp. 349-404). Wiley & Sons, NJ. PDF
*Stark, C., *Groves, N.B., & Kofler, M.J. (in press). Is reduced social competence a mechanism linking elevated autism spectrum symptoms with increased risk for social anxiety? British Journal of Clinical Psychology. PDF
Burns, A., Garner, A.A., Avion, A., Becker, S.P., Kofler, M.J., Jarrett, M.A., Luebbe, A.M., & Burns, G.L. (2022). ADHD and dangerous driving in emerging adults: The moderating role of family climate for road safety. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 178, 106819. PDF
*Aduen, P.A., Kofler, M.J., Bradshaw, C., Sarver, D.E., & Cox, D.J. (2020). The role of top-down attentional control in predicting future motor vehicle crash risk in drivers with ADHD. Neuropsychology, 34, 894-905. PDF
Burns, A., Garner, A.A., Chang, A., Becker, S.P., Kofler, M.J., Jarrett, M.A., Luebbe, A.M., & Burns, G.L. (2020). Factor structure of the family climate for road safety scale in emerging adults in the United States. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 142, 105563. PDF
*Aduen, P.A., Cox, D.J., Fabiano, G.A., Garner, A.A., & Kofler, M.J. (2019). Expert recommendations for improving driving safety for teens and adult drivers with ADHD. The ADHD Report, 27, 8-14. PDF
*Aduen, P.A., Kofler, M.J., Sarver, D.E., *Wells, E.L., *Soto, E.F., & Cox, D.J. (2018). ADHD, depression, and motor vehicle crashes: A prospective cohort study of continuously-monitored, real-world driving. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 101, 42-49. PDF
Cox, S.M., Cox, D.J., Kofler, M.J., Moncrief, M.A., Johnson, R.J., Lambert, A.E., Cain, S.A., & Reeve, R.E. (2016). Driving simulator performance in novice drivers with autism spectrum disorder: The role of executive functions and basic motor skills. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 46, 1379-1391. PDF
*Aduen, P.A., Kofler, M.J., Cox, D.J., *Sarver, D.E., & *Lunsford, E. (2015). Motor vehicle driving in high incidence psychiatric disability: Comparison of drivers with ADHD, depression, and no known psychopathology. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 64, 59-66. PDF
*Condo, J.S., *Chan, E.S.M., & Kofler, M.J. (2022). Examining the effects of ADHD symptoms and parental involvement on children’s academic achievement. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 122, 104156 PDF
*Ferretti, N., Ganley, C., & Kofler, M.J. (2019). Predicting children’s school grades: Unique and interactive effects of parental beliefs and child inattention/hyperactivity symptoms. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 37, 300-307. PDF
Becker, S.P., Jarrett, M.A., Luebbe, A.M., Garner, A.A., Burns, G.L., & Kofler, M.J. (2018). Sleep in a large, multi-university sample of college students: Sleep problem prevalence, sex differences, and mental health correlates. Sleep Health: Journal of the National Sleep Foundation, 4, 174-181.
Becker, S.P., Luebbe, A.M., Kofler, M.J., Burns, G.L., & Jarrett, M.A. (in press). ADHD, chronotype, and circadian preference in a multi-site sample of college students. Journal of Sleep Research.
Dr. Kofler joined the FSU faculty in 2014. Articles published between 2007 and 2014 are based on research conducted at the University of Virginia (2012-2014; Director: Dr. Kofler) or the University of Central Florida (2006-2012; Director: Dr. Mark Rapport).
Dr. Kofler would like to acknowlege the generous Foundation support for ADHD Positive Youth Development provided by Mark & Cindy Galant for the University of Virginia Children's Learning Clinic.